Law No. 20/2003
Based on the correct constitution , education is defined as a planned effort to establish a study environment and education process so that the student may actively develop his/her own potential to gain the religious and spiritual level, consciousness, personality, intelligence, behaviour and creativity to him/herself, other citizens and for the nation. The constitution also noted that education in Indonesia is divided into two major parts, formal and non-formal. A formal education is divided again into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Current structure
Primary education
Early childhood
From birth until the age of 5, Indonesian children do not generally have access to formal education. From the age of 5 to 6 or 7, they attend kindergarten (Taman Kanak-kanak). This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, as the aim of this is to prepare them for primary school. The majority of kindergartens are private schools, with more than forty-nine thousand kindergartens, 99.35% of the total kindergartens in Indonesia, privately operated[1]. The kindergarten years are usually divided into "Class A" and "Class B" students spending a year in each class.
Elementary School
Children ages 7–12 attend Sekolah Dasar (SD) (literally Elementary School). This level of education is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, based on the national constitution. In contrast to the majority of privately run kindergartens, most elementary schools are government operated public schools, accounting for 93% of all elementary schools in Indonesia[2]. Similar to education systems in the U.S. and Australia, students must study for six years to complete this level. Some schools offer an accelerated learning program, where students who perform well can finish elementary school in five years.
Secondary Education
Middle School
Middle School, generally known by the abbreviation "SMP" (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of primary education in Indonesia. After graduating from elementary school, students attend Middle School for three years from the age of 13-15. After three years of schooling and graduation, students may move on to High School or College, or cease formal education. There are around 22,000 schools in Indonesia with a balanced ownership between public and private sector[3].
High School
In Indonesia, generally known as by the abberviation "SMA" (Sekolah Menegah Atas), "SMU" (Sekolah Menengah Umum), and SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) . SMA/SMU differ than SMK in their studies. The students at SMU are prepared to advance to tertiary education while students of SMK are prepared to be ready to work after finishing their school without going to university/college. Based on the national constitution, Indonesian citizens do not have to attend high school as the citizens only require nine years of education. This is also reflected by the number of high schools in Indonesia, with just slightly below 9,000 schools[4].
Tertiary education
After graduation from High school or college, students may attend a university.
History
The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to the current structure, with the following levels:
Primary education
Early childhood
From birth until the age of 5, Indonesian children do not generally have access to formal education. From the age of 5 to 6 or 7, they attend kindergarten (Taman Kanak-kanak). This education is not compulsory for Indonesian citizens, as the aim of this is to prepare them for primary school. The majority of kindergartens are private schools, with more than forty-nine thousand kindergartens, 99.35% of the total kindergartens in Indonesia, privately operated[1]. The kindergarten years are usually divided into "Class A" and "Class B" students spending a year in each class.
Elementary School
Children ages 7–12 attend Sekolah Dasar (SD) (literally Elementary School). This level of education is compulsory for all Indonesian citizens, based on the national constitution. In contrast to the majority of privately run kindergartens, most elementary schools are government operated public schools, accounting for 93% of all elementary schools in Indonesia[2]. Similar to education systems in the U.S. and Australia, students must study for six years to complete this level. Some schools offer an accelerated learning program, where students who perform well can finish elementary school in five years.
Secondary Education
Middle School
Middle School, generally known by the abbreviation "SMP" (Sekolah Menengah Pertama) is part of primary education in Indonesia. After graduating from elementary school, students attend Middle School for three years from the age of 13-15. After three years of schooling and graduation, students may move on to High School or College, or cease formal education. There are around 22,000 schools in Indonesia with a balanced ownership between public and private sector[3].
High School
In Indonesia, generally known as by the abberviation "SMA" (Sekolah Menegah Atas), "SMU" (Sekolah Menengah Umum), and SMK (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan) . SMA/SMU differ than SMK in their studies. The students at SMU are prepared to advance to tertiary education while students of SMK are prepared to be ready to work after finishing their school without going to university/college. Based on the national constitution, Indonesian citizens do not have to attend high school as the citizens only require nine years of education. This is also reflected by the number of high schools in Indonesia, with just slightly below 9,000 schools[4].
Tertiary education
After graduation from High school or college, students may attend a university.
History
The Dutch introduced a system of formal education for the local population of Indonesia, although this was restricted to certain privileged children. The system they introduced was roughly similar to the current structure, with the following levels:
* ELS (Dutch: Europeesche Lagere School) - Primary School
* MULO (Dutch: Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) - Middle School
* AMS (Dutch: Algeme(e)ne Middelbare School) - High School or College
By the 1930s, the Dutch had introduced limited formal education to nearly every province of the Dutch East Indies.
References :
1. ^ Kindergarten statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/TK_0405.htm
2. ^ Elementary school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SD_0405.htm
3. ^ Middle school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SMP_0405.htm
4. ^ High school statistics between 2004-2005 http://www.depdiknas.go.id/statistik/thn04-05/SMA_0405.htm
Source : Wikipedia
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